Trauma

A traumatic event is one in which a person experiences, witnesses or learns that their own life or someone else’s is in danger. The same event does not leave the same mark on everyone; its severity, the person’s history and the support they receive shape the outcome.

Reactions after trauma are not a sign of weakness; they are the mind and body trying to protect themselves from danger. Most people recover with time and support.

Information on violence and social conflict is on a separate page: Violence and social conflict.

• Trouble falling asleep, waking often, nightmares
• Startling at sudden noises, feeling constantly on guard
• Going over the event again and again — or not wanting to think about it at all
• Restlessness, anger, crying spells, emotional numbness
• Difficulty concentrating, forgetfulness
• Headaches, stomach problems, muscle tension, fatigue
• Guilt, shame or “why did I survive” thoughts
• Avoiding places, people or conversations that bring back the event

These are normal reactions to an abnormal event. For most people they ease noticeably within a few weeks, with safety, routine and social support.

• Safety first: make sure the person is safe and their basic needs are met.
• Listen, but do not push them to talk or press for details.
• Try to bring back daily routines — sleep, meals, short walks — in small steps.
• Stay connected with loved ones; try not to be alone.
• Avoid alcohol and stimulants; they may bring short relief but slow recovery.
• Notice your own feelings and limits too; carrying someone else’s burden is tiring.

• Reactions last longer than four weeks or get worse
• Daily tasks such as going to work or school or caring for children become impossible
• Use of alcohol, medication or other substances increases
• The person isolates themselves completely and talks to no one
• There are thoughts of harming oneself or others — in this case, without waiting